IRQ affinity in Linux

Some hardware components like ethernet cards,disk controllers,etc. produces interrupts when needs to get attention from cpu. For example, when ethernet card receives packet from network. You can examine your machine's interrupts usage on cpu's by looking in /proc/interrupts proc entry.

# cat /proc/interrupts


This information includes which devices are working on which irq and how many interrupts processed by each cpu for this device.In normal cases, you will not face with a problem and no need to change irq handling process for any cpu.But in some cases, for example if you are running a linux box as firewall which has high incoming or outgoing traffic, this can cause problems. Suppose that you have 2 ethernet cards on your firewall and both ethernet cards handling many packets. In some cases you can see high cpu usage on one of your cpus.This can be caused by many interrupts produced by your network cards. You can check this by looking in /proc/interrupts and see if that cpu is handling interrupts of both cards. If this is the case, what you can do is looking for most idle cpus on your system and specify those ethernet card irqs to be served by each cpu seperately. But beware that you can only do this in a system with IO-APIC enabled device drivers. You can check if your device supports IO-APIC by looking /proc/interrupts.

In ethernet card case, there is an implementation called NAPI which can reduce interrupt usage on incoming network traffic.

You can see which irq is served by which cpu or cpus by looking in /proc/irq directory. Directory layout is very simple. For every used irq in system it is presented by a directory by it's irq number.Every directory contains a file called smp_affinity where you can set cpu settings. File content shows currently which cpu is serving this irq. The value is in hex format. Calculation is shown below.As you can see in example figure, eth0 is on irq 25 and eth1 is in irq 26. Let's say we want to set irq25 to be served only by cpu3. First of all, we have to calculate the value for cpu3 in hex value. Calculation is shown below.


Calculation

            Binary       Hex
 CPU 0    0001         1
 CPU 1    0010         2
 CPU 2    0100         4
+ CPU 3    1000         8
 -----------------------
 both     1111         f

Calculation is shown for 4 cpu system for simplicity. normally the value for all cpus on a system is represented by 8 digit hex value.As you can see in binary format every bit represents a cpu. We see that binary representation of cpu3 is 8 in hex. Then we write it into smp_affinity file for irq 25 as show below.

# echo 8 > /proc/irq/25/smp_affinity

You can check the setting by looking in to file content.

# cat /proc/irq/25/smp_affinity
00000008

Another example, let's say we want irq25 to handled by cpu0 and cpu1.

   CPU 0    0001         1
+  CPU 1    0010         2
--------------------------
                              0011                        3

Setting bit for cpu0 and cpu1 is giving us the value 3.For example if we need all cpus to handle our device's irq, we set every bit in our calculation and write it into smp_affinity as hex value which is F. There is an implementation in Linux called irqbalance , where a daemon distributes interrupts automatically for every cpu in the system. But in some cases this is giving bad performance where you need to stop the service and do it manually by yourself as I described above for higher performance.Also, irqbalance configuration let's you to configure where it will not balance given irqs or use specified cpus. In this case you can configure it to not touch your manually configured irqs and your preferred cpus and let it run to automatically load balance rest of the irqs and cpus for you.

arrays in bash shell - Part 2

In my previous post, I explained basic arrays usage in bash shell. Now, I'll show more advanced topics with bash arrays.Let's create a simple array called myarray.

# myarray=(first second third fourth)

Now, assume that you want to learn string length of second element of myarray.

# echo ${#myarray[1]}

this will 6 for string "second".Note here that, array indexes are starting from 0. So, 1 index numbers actually is 2nd element of the array.

Here is another example, this one will skip first element of the array and gives rest of the array.So,following will do the trick.

# echo ${myarray[@]:1}

going further with this example.Let's say we want to skip first element and need no more than 2 elements in the array

# echo ${myarray[@]:1:2}

result will be "second third".

Search and Replace

You can search and replace patterns or characters in given array or any array element.
Here is two examples, first one will search all elements of array for character "r" and replace all characters with "R". Second example, will do the same thing but only for 2nd element of the given array.

# echo ${myarray[@]/r/R}

# echo ${myarray[1]/r/R}

Above examples, will only replaces first occurrences, for replacing whole occurrences use double slashes.For example,

# echo ${myarray[1]//r/R}


Deleting and Adding Array Elements

Deleting any element is very simple. You just have to use "unset" command and give index number of array element.Following, will delete 2nd element of the array.

# unset myarray[1]

now our example array will contain "first third fourth" elements.Deleting the whole array is very simple.Don't pass the index number to unset.

# unset myarray

Now, Let's a new entry to our array.

# myarray=("${myarray[@]}" "fifth_element")